1. True or False: The pressure delivered by cavitation is slightly less than the compressive strength of rocks.
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| True
False
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2. Which of the choices below describes the fossilized "soil layers" around the petrified tree trunks?
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| A. The soil layers are too shallow (about 3 cm)
B. The soil lacks enough pinecones
C. Soil layers are absent in places
D. All of the above
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3. How did steam explosion pits form at Mt. St. Helens?
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| A. Earthquakes
B. Shifting of the earth's plates released pressure in the form of steam
C. Hot pumice covered ice, causing it to melt and collapse
D. As a result of the great heat evaporating several small lakes
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4. Which of the following describes an underfit stream?
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| A. One that is frequently flooding
B. One that is too small for the valley through which it flows
C. One that does not drop in elevation quickly, and so does not flow fast
D. One that is smaller, at some point, than 50 yards across
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5. Which of the following is not a factor in erosion?
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| A. Air fall
B. Steam blasts
C. Water wave
D. Pyroclastic flows
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6. Which of the following is a characteristic of the petrified trees in Yellowstone (as described in this module)?
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| A. Most of the trees have thick bark on them
B. All the samples are one of four species
C. The trees tend to be in the same orientation
D. The trees are petrified with their cones
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7. What characteristic of Spirit Lake may lead to the appearance of great age?
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| A. The altitude of the lake
B. The hundreds of thousands of trees floating
C. The erosion of the banks
D. The order and way in which the logs sank to the bottom
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8. Many geologists believe that landscapes evolve from high flat plains to near-sea level, channeled terrain over millions of years. Which of the following examples does not fit into this scenario?
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| A. Gondwana Surface in Africa (paleoplain)
B. Overfit streams
C. Small rolling hills
D. An intricately branching delta
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9. How do the intensities of volcanoes indicate a large seismic catastrophe in the past (perhaps associated with Noah's Flood)?
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| A. There is evidence that prehistoric volcanoes were not as large in the past, though they did erupt more often.
B. There is evidence that prehistoric volcanoes were larger in the past, though they did not erupt lava.
C. There is evidence that prehistoric volcanoes were larger in the past and that they erupted with much more intensity.
D. There is evidence that the earth's crust was likely, at one point, completely molten lava.
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10. How can young earth creationists use the debris deposit at Langes Crest to defend their model?
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| A. It shows that rapid erosion can occur.
B. It shows that thick sediment deposition can occur rapidly.
C. It shows that deposition cannot occur gradually over millions of years.
D. It shows that erosion cannot occur gradually over millions of years.
E. All the above
F. A and D only
G. B and C only
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11. Badlands topography has been described by uniformitarian geologists as forming over hundreds or even thousands of years; however, the eruption of Mt. St. Helens resulted in the formation of areas resembling the badlands in just five days. How did these areas form?
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| A. Steam explosion pits
B. Horizontal steam blast
C. Massive water wave
D. Mudflows
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12. Mt. St. Helens has been a significant "laboratory" for creationists. Identify which model(s) has/have been generated or supported from observations of the 1980 and subsequent eruptions.
I. Catastrophic plate tectonics
II. Water vapor canopy
III. Coal formation
IV. Erosion by cavitation
V. Petrified Forest formation
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| A. I only
B. III only
C. V only
D. III and V
E. II, IV, and V
F. All the above
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13. What indication is there in the Yellowstone Petrified Forest that the area was formed under water?
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| A. The soil layers are sorted by grain size
B. Vertical trees have no predominate orientation
C. Thin soil layers
D. The petrification process can only occur with a deep flood of extended duration.
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14. What is the significance of the comparison among the Condor Cliffs in Argentina, the Grand Canyon, and Mt. St. Helens?
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| A. They are all examples of catastrophic processes causing significant deposition.
B. They are all examples of catastrophic processes causing significant erosion over long periods of time.
C. The catastrophic processes observed at Mt. St. Helens and the Condor Cliffs are examples we can use to make geologic models for rapid formation of other sites.
D. The catastrophic processes at Mt. St. Helens and the Grand Canyon are examples we can use to make geologic models for the rapid formation of other sites.
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15. Since observing the extensive deposition and erosion resulting from the eruption of Mt. St. Helens, which of the following is an appropriate application?
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| A. Geologic events do not occur by uniform processes.
B. It will take hundreds of years to erode a deep canyon, but rapid deposition does occur under catastrophic conditions.
C. Since a uniformitarian interpretation of the catastrophic results would have given wrong ages, uniformitarianism may be misleading in other cases too.
D. Since a uniformitarian interpretation of the catastrophic results would have given wrong ages, uniform processes should not be considered when reconstructing a geologic event.
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16. Apply what you learned in this module about catastrophic events to identify the evolutionary uniformitarian assumption(s) in the following statement.
"...This valley was carved out gradually over millions of years by slow erosion."
The evolutionary assumption(s) is/are:
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| A. That slow and gradual erosion occurs
B. That the only processes that erode are those that we see now
C. That no catastrophic floods occurred in the past
D. That catastrophic floods could not be responsible for rapid erosion
E. All the above
F. A and D only
G. B and C only
H. B, C, and D
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17. From your reading assignment, identify when the Bible seems to indicate the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics originated.
Interpret this observation.
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| A. Both at creation
B. First Law at creation; Second Law at Flood
C. Both at the Fall
D. First Law at creation; Second Law at the Fall
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18. According to the Impact Article by Stuart Nevins (#12), how do the limits of geology affect a geologist's interpretation of rock formations?
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| A. Geologic events are not observable so geologists must rely on imagination and faith.
B. Past geologic events are not repeatable so geologists must match the evidence to processes that occur today.
C. Past geologic processes were not observed so geologists cannot prove how they happened.
D. Geologic events do not leave recognizable results.
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19. Headlines in newspapers and magazines frequently declare that certain dormant volcanoes are "due to erupt soon" because they usually erupt in 300 – 500 year cycles. Critique this statement based on what you have learned in this module.
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| A. Dormant volcanoes will not erupt again because of the declining power of post-flood volcanoes.
B. This is an evolutionary uniformitarian statement based on the assumption that processes will always occur as they have in the past.
C. Once a volcano has set a pattern, it will keep the pattern, so the warnings are justified.
D. This is an evolutionary statement because it is inherently based on old age records of the earth.
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20. Essay: You have just completed a whole module focused on catastrophes. How are catastrophes significant to the young earth creation model? List and briefly describe several (at least 3) processes that can happen at accelerated rates under catastrophic conditions instead of over the long periods of time that a uniformitarian requires. Give relevant examples.
After completing your essay, check your answer against possible choices listed below. | |
| A. How are catastrophes significant to the young earth creation model?
Reason 1
Reason 2
B. Processes that can occur at accelerated rates under catastrophic conditions:
Processes
C. Examples:
1
2
3
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